Single-point fault metric (SPFM)
Beginner
Out of all the faults a chip could have, the share that are caught or can’t cause harm on their own.
Novice
The share of a chip’s possible random hardware failures that either can’t cause harm on their own or are caught by a safety mechanism. Targets: at least 90% for ASIL B, 97% for C and 99% for D.
Expert
One minus the fraction of safety-relevant failure rate that is single-point or residual (escaping the safety mechanism). Computed from FMEDA failure rates and diagnostic coverage, with the coverage claims backed by fault-injection evidence.