Bridging fault
Beginner
A pretend flaw where two neighboring wires accidentally touch.
Novice
A fault model for a short circuit between two wires. What the shorted wires then carry depends on which one’s driver is stronger.
Expert
Only practical when candidate pairs come from the layout, since checking every pair of nets is quadratic. Extracted from wires that run physically close, often alongside cell-aware faults for shorts inside cells.