Radiation hardening by design (RHBD)
Beginner
Making a chip tough against radiation through smart design, while still using a normal chip factory.
Novice
Making a chip resistant to radiation through how its circuits and layout are designed, while building it in an ordinary commercial factory process rather than a special radiation-hardened one.
Expert
Hardened standard-cell libraries (DICE and TMR flip-flops, cells with transient filters), layout measures (guard rings, well contacts, spacing between sensitive transistors) and architectural redundancy. Applied selectively to the most sensitive cells to limit the area and power cost.
Explained in Space (Industries).
See also: Triple modular redundancy (TMR), DICE flip-flop.