Fault injection
Beginner
Breaking a design on purpose, in a computer copy, to check that its safety checks work.
Novice
Deliberately inserting faults, such as a wire stuck at 0 or a stored bit flipped, into a simulation of the chip, and checking whether each one reaches an output and whether a safety mechanism detects it.
Expert
Classifies faults as observed or not at functional outputs and detected or not at error signals; observed-but-undetected faults are dangerous and reduce SPFM. Campaigns are expensive and are accelerated with fault-list pruning and formal analysis.
Explained in Automotive (Industries).