Common Criteria
Beginner
A worldwide system where outside labs test how hard a product is to break into.
Novice
An international standard (ISO/IEC 15408) for security evaluation. An accredited lab checks a product against a stated set of security claims and assigns an Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) from 1 to 7.
Expert
Smart-card chips are evaluated against a protection profile, typically EAL4 augmented with AVA_VAN.5 (resistance to attackers with high attack potential) and ALC_DVS.2 (security of the development sites).
Explained in Fintech and trading (Industries).